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Together with an extremely warm Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer1,2, 2023 continues to be noted as the hottest year on record3-five. Contextualizing recent anthropogenic warming versus previous purely natural variability is nontrivial, however, as the sparse 19th century meteorological documents are usually as well warm6. In this article, we Merge noticed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) surface air temperatures to indicate that 2023 was the warmest NH extra-tropical summertime over the past 2000 several years exceeding the ninety five% assurance choice of all-natural weather variability by more than 50 percent a degree Celsius.

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• This research study was done retrospectively from knowledge obtained for scientific reasons. We consulted thoroughly Along with the IRB of XYZ who established that our analyze did not have to have ethical acceptance. An IRB Formal waiver of ethical acceptance was granted in the IRB of XYZ.

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